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Diode or P-N Junction Theory Explained Introduction A diode is a fundamental component in electronics, widely used for its unidirectional current-carrying property. At the core of its operation lies the P-N junction —a boundary or interface between p-type and n-type semiconductors. Understanding the theory of the P-N junction, including forward and reverse biasing, depletion regions, and V-I characteristics, is crucial for anyone learning electronics or semiconductor physics. This blog explains the theory behind the P-N junction and how diodes work under various conditions, with all the important parameters and equations included. Table of Contents What is a Diode ? Formation of P-N Junction Depletion Layer Potential Barrier and Electric Field Forward and Reverse Biasing Forward Bias Reverse Bias V-I Characteristic of Diode Ideal vs Practical Diode Conclusion What is a Diode? A diode is a non-linear , active , and unidirectional device. It allows current to flow in one dir...
Electric Charge and Material Science Fundamentals “From Subatomic Particles to Semiconductors” 🌟 1. What Is Electric Charge? Electric charge is one of the most fundamental properties of matter. It is responsible for creating electric and magnetic fields , which in turn produce electromagnetic force —one of the four fundamental forces of nature (along with gravity, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces). Every object in the universe is made up of atoms, and these atoms consist of subatomic particles: Protons (positively charged) Electrons (negatively charged) Neutrons (no charge) The net electric charge of an object determines how it interacts with other charged particles. If an object has more electrons than protons, it is negatively charged . If it has more protons, it is positively charged . If both are equal, it is neutral . 🔹 2. Types of Electric Charge There are two types of electric charge : 🧲 Positive Charge: Carried by pr...
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) In this blog, we’ll explore the fundamentals of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), a widely used technique for converting analog signals into digital form. PCM is the backbone of many digital communication systems, including audio, telephony, and media streaming. PCM converts the continuous-time, continuous-amplitude analog signals into discrete-time, discrete-amplitude digital signals, allowing for more reliable and noise-resistant communication compared to traditional analog methods. The PCM process involves three key steps at the transmitter side: sampling, quantization, and encoding. By converting signals into digital bits, PCM facilitates error detection, correction, and encryption, making it indispensable in modern communication systems such as telephony, broadcasting, and digital audio We'll break down its core step i.e the processes that are involved at the transmitter end — Sampling, Quantization, and Encoding —to understand how continuous sig...
Introduction Python is an interpreted (i.e it does not need to be compiled before execution),object-oriented , high-level programming language known for its simplicity, readability, and versatility or flexibility.Python is also a dynamic language which means that the type of variable is not determined until it is assigned a value. Python has a large number of libraries(Libraries are like a toolbox, adding features to existing code) and frameworks(frameworks provide a structure for building new applications) . Python is used in web development, data science, artificial intelligence ,machine learning , game development, CAD. In this blog, we will explore key Python concepts, differences between versions, and hands-on code examples, These examples can be practiced using platforms like Google Colab, Spyder, or even simple editors like VB (for those transitioning from other languages). Table of Contents Why is Python considered a high-level programming language? Difference...
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